韋伯望遠鏡捕捉到宇宙誕生後7.3億年的古老超新星,與伽馬射線暴相關聯

编辑者: Uliana Soloveva

This two-part illustration represents supernova GRB 250314A as it was exploding and three months after that when #NASAWebb observed it. Webb confirmed the supernova occurred when the universe was only 730 million years old. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Leah Hustak (STScI).

Two-part illustration represents supernova GRB 250314A. On the left half, supernova illustrated immediately after its explosion: The stellar remnant is a tiny bright blue dot surrounded by small, fluffy light blue clumps. Two prominent, bright white jets point to 11 o’clock and 5 o’clock. The jets end in fat, brighter orbs. At top, there is a smattering of pink star clusters with a few larger bright white areas, which represent the rest of the supernova’s host galaxy. At right, which represents the fading infrared glow Webb observed, the scene is awash in bright blues, purples, and pinks with only small areas of the black background of space peeking at the edges. At center-right is a large white blob surrounded by bright pink rays of light in all directions. Around it are irregular light purple circles, which look like flower petals. At the top left, there is also a smattering of pink star clusters representing the supernova’s host galaxy.
Space Telescope Science Institute
Space Telescope Science Institute
@SpaceTelescope

Another #NASAWebb record breaker: a supernova that existed only 730 million years after the big bang! Learn how Webb delivered the conclusive evidence when it followed up on a fleeting event known as a gamma-ray burst: bit.ly/3Y782ul 🔭 🧪

Webb image shows hundreds of galaxies of all shapes and sizes against the black background of space. Toward the center-left is a large white spiral galaxy that is almost face-on. To the right of this is a large box, which zooms in on an area at top right. Within the box is a faint red dot at the center, with the label GRB 250314A.
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這幅圖像描繪了超新星 GRB 250314A 的爆炸,三個月後 Webb 觀測了它。

詹姆斯·韋伯太空望遠鏡(JWST)的紅外相機,成功捕捉到迄今為止觀測到最遙遠的恆星爆炸事件,這是一顆與強烈伽馬射線暴(GRB)相關聯的超新星,被命名為GRB 250314A。此事件發生在宇宙誕生僅約7.3億年後,相當於其現今年齡的5%多一點。這束光線的旅程超過了130億年才抵達地球。

Астрономы, использующие космический телескоп Уэбба, обнаружили взрыв сверхновой, связанный с гамма-всплеском GRB 250314A, когда Вселенной было всего 730 миллионов лет.

這次強大伽馬射線爆發的初步偵測,是在2025年3月14日由法國與中國合作發射的SVOM衛星完成的。該衛星於2024年升空,專門負責監測變數天體並研究宇宙中的劇烈爆炸現象。隨後,NASA的史威夫特(Swift)軌道望遠鏡,以及地面觀測設備,包括北歐光學望遠鏡(Nordic Optical Telescope)和歐洲南方天文台的甚大望遠鏡(VLT),進行了後續觀測。這些觀測證實了該事件具有極高的紅移值,約為z = 7.3。

這個紅移數值表明,該事件發生在大爆炸後約7.3億年,打破了JWST先前記錄的最遙遠超新星的紀錄,那顆超新星發生在宇宙年齡約18億年時。這次發現無疑為天文學界投下了一顆震撼彈,展現了我們回溯宇宙早期歷史的驚人能力。

JWST的近紅外相機(NIRCam)在伽馬射線暴發生約三個月半後,確認了超新星的存在,並成功解析出其宿主星系。這個時間點恰好是超新星亮度達到峰值的時刻。值得注意的是,這顆被觀測到的超新星展現出與現代超新星相似的特徵,這強烈暗示了控制大質量恆星坍縮的基本恆星物理學,在宇宙早期階段就已經完全形成並運作。

這次伽馬射線暴的持續時間約為10秒,這也是大質量恆星坍縮所產生的典型特徵。這次關鍵的觀測,是在「主任酌情決定時間」(Director's Discretionary Time)快速反應計畫下進行的,這使得科學家們得以首次鎖定如此遙遠事件的宿主星系。

這項研究成果已於2025年12月發表在《天文學與天體物理學快報》(Astronomy & Astrophysics Letters)上。該研究由來自拉德堡德大學的Andrew Levan教授和來自CEA Paris-Saclay的Bertrand Cordier教授共同領導。這次里程碑式的發現,充分證明了JWST在探測原始宇宙中那些稍縱即逝的瞬變現象方面的卓越能力。團隊未來的計畫將著重於利用伽馬射線暴的餘暉,來更深入地描繪這些古老星系的詳細特徵。

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來源

  • il Giornale.it

  • The JWST Just Identified A Supernova From Only 730 Million Years After The Big Bang

  • The James Webb Space Telescope just found the oldest supernova ever seen

  • JWST Detects Oldest Supernova Ever Seen, Linked to GRB 250314A | Technology News

  • Astronomers discover the earliest supernova ever observed with JWST | Radboud University

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