Recent discussions surrounding the film Gladiator II have reignited interest in the historical occurrence of naumaquiae, or naval battles, in ancient Rome, particularly in the Colosseum. Historical sources indicate that two such events took place in the Flavian Amphitheater: one in 80 AD, organized by Emperor Titus, and another in the same decade during Domitian's reign.
Following these events, the possibility of staging naval battles in the Colosseum ceased, primarily due to the construction of the hypogeum—a network of tunnels that made flooding the arena impractical. Given that Gladiator II is set over two centuries later, during the reign of Geta and Caracalla (209-211 AD), the film takes creative liberties with historical chronology.
The tradition of naumaquiae dates back to 46 BC, initiated by Julius Caesar to celebrate his victory over Pompey. This spectacular event featured 16 ships, 4,000 rowers, and 2,000 gladiators, representing rival maritime powers: the Tyrians and Egyptians. Participants included prisoners of war and condemned individuals, incentivized by the chance of pardon for valor.
Attendance at these events attracted thousands from across Italy, leading to overcrowding and even fatalities during the celebrations. Beyond entertainment, naumaquiae served propagandistic purposes, showcasing the military and financial prowess of the Roman Empire.
Augustus later organized a grander naval battle in 2 BC, doubling the number of vessels and fighters. The most monumental naumaquia occurred in 52 AD under Emperor Claudius at Lake Fucino, featuring 100 ships and 19,000 combatants, echoing the historic Battle of Salamis.
Emperor Nero was the first to stage naumaquiae in an amphitheater, with two events during his reign, although details remain scarce. Subsequent naumaquiae were rare, often reverting to artificial lakes as venues. As the Roman Empire faced financial and political decline, the tradition of organizing these costly spectacles diminished, becoming legendary over time.