ESA Advances Optical Tech for Precise Space Navigation; D2D Satellite Services Progress Amidst Debris Concerns

Optical technology is emerging as a key element for enhancing navigation accuracy and robustness in space. The European Space Agency (ESA) has contracted OHB System to study and pre-develop optical technology for time synchronization and ranging, involving 33 companies across ESA member states. This initiative aims to validate optical links, which use laser beams for data transmission, potentially revolutionizing navigation systems. Following the study, in-orbit testing will assess the technology's readiness for future operational systems. Meanwhile, the integration of terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks (TN-NTN) for Direct-to-Device (D2D) satellite services is progressing, with several providers entering beta testing or initiating limited commercial launches. GSMA and GSOA are fostering this integration through collaborations, though concrete results remain limited. Legacy satellite operators and smartphone manufacturers are also exploring D2D services, with partnerships like Globalstar and Apple investing in new LEO constellations. Cellular network vendors such as Nokia are actively participating by providing network solutions to D2D LEO operators. However, the increasing use of space is accompanied by growing concerns about orbital debris. An estimated 131 million pieces of debris larger than a millimeter are in orbit, posing a threat to active satellites and human space activities. The total mass brought to orbit increased by 40% last year, with SpaceX deploying nearly 2,000 Starlink satellites. Efforts to address space sustainability include technological advancements like ESA's Clean Space program and Astroscale's debris-cleaning technologies, as well as policy initiatives through the UN's COPUOS. Advocacy groups are also pushing for greater accountability and transparency in space operations, highlighting the urgent need for a circular space economy to avoid irreversible orbital pollution.