AI and Seismic Data Provide Unprecedented 3D View of Vulcano's Interior

Researchers from the University of Geneva and Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) have successfully created a highly detailed three-dimensional model of the interior of Vulcano, an active volcano north of Sicily. This significant advancement, achieved in 2025, utilizes artificial intelligence in conjunction with extensive seismic data to offer an unprecedented view into the volcano's inner workings.

Vulcano, an island known for its volcanic activity over the past two millennia, experienced increased explosive events starting in 2021. To capture the seismic energy from these events, approximately 200 portable seismic sensors were deployed across the island. Over a one-month period, these sensors recorded natural ground vibrations. The vast dataset was then processed using the University of Geneva's supercomputer, "Yggdrasil," enabling the team to construct a remarkably precise 3D model of Vulcano's internal structure.

The resulting model reveals how subterranean faults at the volcano's base function as a complex "plumbing system," facilitating the movement of magma and hydrothermal fluids toward the surface. While this advanced modeling does not yet predict eruptions, it represents a substantial step forward in understanding the intricate dynamics within a volcano. The integration of automated monitoring with artificial intelligence holds the potential for real-time surveillance of volcanic systems globally, which could lead to the development of dynamic and adaptable evacuation strategies to enhance public safety.

Douglas Stumpp, the study's lead author, emphasized the potential of processing seismic ambient noise tomography data in real-time, enhanced by neural networks. This approach could allow for continuous analysis of volcanic system behavior, leading to more responsive evacuation plans. The research, which also explored machine learning for automatic picking of dispersion curves, was published in Nature Communications.

This pioneering research highlights the transformative potential of merging cutting-edge seismic monitoring techniques with artificial intelligence. Such synergistic approaches are crucial for deepening our understanding of volcanic behavior, refining hazard assessment, and improving mitigation strategies for a more informed and prepared global community.