The pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), a majestic giant of Amazonian freshwater ecosystems, is experiencing a significant resurgence thanks to dedicated sustainable management initiatives. Once on the brink of extinction due to decades of overfishing, this iconic species now symbolizes the success of conservation efforts that also empower local communities. Since the implementation of robust management strategies, monitored pirarucu populations have surged by an impressive 620%. Between 2012 and 2016, the species demonstrated an average annual growth rate of 19%. By 2022, the average size of pirarucu in managed areas reached 1.80 meters, a notable increase from the 1.27 meters recorded in 1998.
These conservation successes have translated into substantial economic benefits, generating over R$ 4.3 million for fishing communities in 2022, with projections indicating a further 15% increase in revenue for the 2023 season. The unique, durable leather derived from the pirarucu has found a niche in the luxury fashion industry, with brands like Osklen and Piper & Skye utilizing it for high-end bags and accessories. This utilization not only adds value to the fish but also underscores the interconnectedness of conservation and economic opportunity. However, a critical aspect of this burgeoning industry involves ensuring that the financial benefits are equitably distributed. While luxury goods command high prices, community representatives like Pedro Canízio, vice-president of the Federation of Pirarucu Managers of Mamirauá (Femapam), highlight the disparity, noting that fishermen receive approximately R$ 6.68 per kilogram, a stark contrast to the R$ 4.50/kg local market price, and significantly less than the final product's value.
In a concerted effort to bolster these conservation successes, the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (Ibama) launched the Arapaima Program in February 2025. This program aims to strengthen sustainable pirarucu management and promote the broader conservation of vital floodplain ecosystems. Complementing these efforts, the Amazon Sustainable Foundation (FAS), in collaboration with the Mamirauá Institute, hosted a workshop in April 2025. This event focused on enhancing sustainable pirarucu management within the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve, directly benefiting 81 managers from three distinct communities. These multifaceted initiatives are designed to refine pirarucu management practices, elevate community incomes, and ensure the long-term viability of the species. Looking ahead, the focus remains on fostering greater transparency throughout the supply chain and advocating for public policies that guarantee a more just distribution of the economic gains derived from these sustainable management endeavors. The recovery of the pirarucu serves as a powerful testament to what can be achieved when ecological stewardship is harmonized with community well-being, creating a ripple effect of positive change.