On November 19, 2024, researchers from Samara National Research University announced a groundbreaking design for a spacecraft intended to address the growing issue of space debris. The device's primary function is to "blow" debris away from hazardous orbital paths, potentially preventing collisions and extending the operational lifespan of space infrastructure.
Experts highlighted that even a small piece of space debris can cause significant damage if it collides with a spacecraft. Larger debris, such as defunct satellites or old rocket stages, presents an even greater threat, with the potential to destroy large structures like the International Space Station (ISS).
The current method for avoiding collisions involves adjusting the orbits of spacecraft using onboard thrusters. The ISS has conducted 38 such maneuvers since 1999, each consuming considerable fuel resources. The researchers propose a new approach: equipping the ISS with a specialized spacecraft capable of detaching when threatened by debris. This spacecraft would use its electric propulsion system to maneuver close to the debris and apply a stream of ions to redirect it away from the dangerous orbit.
Alexander Lidekov, an associate professor at Samara University, explained that the spacecraft would approach debris within 10 meters, directing ion streams at the debris surface to create a small braking force. Once the debris is safely redirected, the spacecraft would return to the ISS for refueling and maintenance.
The researchers identified 289 objects weighing over one kilogram that could theoretically threaten the ISS. They simulated maneuvers for each object, successfully demonstrating the spacecraft's ability to intercept and redirect the debris. Notably, under optimal alignment, fuel consumption for such maneuvers could be reduced by up to tenfold, potentially saving 90% of fuel.
This innovative project requires overcoming several scientific challenges, with active participation from master's students specializing in mechanics and mathematical modeling at the Samara Institute of Aeronautics and Rocket Technology.