Venezuela has initiated widespread civilian military training and large-scale military exercises, a move President Nicolás Maduro states is a direct response to heightened tensions with the United States and an increased U.S. naval presence in the Caribbean Sea.
From September 17-19, 2025, the Venezuelan military conducted comprehensive exercises on the island of La Orchila. These maneuvers involved over 2,500 troops, supported by 12 warships, 22 aircraft, and 20 militia vessels. The drills encompassed various combat scenarios, including amphibious landings, air defense, drone operations, electronic warfare, and special forces missions, aligning with Venezuela's strategy of an "armed and prepared people."
Concurrently, Venezuela has been integrating its civilian population into its defense framework. On September 13, 2025, thousands of citizens, including students and retirees, joined local militias for training in weapon handling and "revolutionary resistance" tactics. Further community-level engagement occurred on September 20, 2025, in areas like Petare, Caracas, where residents received training in operating weapon systems and employing defense strategies. Luzbi Monterola, a participant, expressed her motivation as a commitment to defending her homeland.
The U.S. military buildup in the Caribbean, which began in late August 2025, is the largest deployment in the region since 1965, according to historian Alan McPherson. This force includes eight warships, surveillance aircraft, and an attack submarine, with the stated objective of combating drug trafficking. However, analysts interpret this significant military presence as a strategic move to pressure the Venezuelan government. The U.S. has conducted several strikes on vessels allegedly involved in drug smuggling from Venezuela, resulting in fatalities. These actions have drawn criticism from UN human rights experts, who have raised concerns about potential violations of international law.
The effectiveness of civilian militias in modern warfare is a complex issue. While some experts suggest their combat effectiveness may be limited against professional armies, others acknowledge that well-trained militias can supplement regular armed forces. The Venezuelan government views these mobilization efforts as crucial for preserving national sovereignty. Conversely, some analysts express concern that the widespread distribution of weapons and training could inadvertently increase the risk of violence within communities. This evolving situation underscores the intricate geopolitical landscape of the Caribbean, where military posturing and the mobilization of civilian populations are increasingly central to national defense strategies.