In a significant move for international space cooperation and planetary defense, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is set to contribute its powerful H3 rocket to the European Space Agency's (ESA) 'Ramses' mission. This ambitious endeavor aims to closely observe the asteroid Apophis during its exceptionally rare and close approach to Earth in 2029.
JAXA formally submitted a funding request to the Japanese government in September 2025, signaling a commitment to provide the H3 launch vehicle for the 'Ramses' mission, which is scheduled for a 2028 launch. The 'Ramses' mission is strategically designed to intercept asteroid Apophis as it makes its closest pass to Earth on April 13, 2029. At this time, the asteroid will be approximately 32,000 kilometers from our planet's surface, a proximity unprecedented for an object of Apophis's size.
This celestial event, occurring only once every several thousand years, presents a unique scientific opportunity. Earth's gravitational forces are expected to influence Apophis's orbit and physical structure, offering invaluable insights into its composition and internal makeup. To maximize scientific returns, the 'Ramses' spacecraft will be equipped with advanced instruments for comprehensive observations. Furthermore, two specialized CubeSats are slated for deployment onto the asteroid. One of these CubeSats will feature an analyzer and a low-frequency radar to probe Apophis's interior, while the second, developed by the Spanish firm Emxys, is designed for a landing on the asteroid's surface.
The crucial decision regarding the full funding of the 'Ramses' mission will be deliberated by ESA ministers at a meeting in Bremen, Germany, in November 2025. The mission's timeline is critical, with a planned 2028 launch to ensure the spacecraft reaches Apophis ahead of its 2029 rendezvous. This collaboration between ESA and JAXA highlights a growing global synergy in space exploration, collectively working towards safeguarding our planet from potential cosmic threats.
The H3 rocket, Japan's next-generation heavy-lift launch vehicle, developed in partnership with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, offers robust capabilities, including a payload capacity of over 6,500 kg to geostationary transfer orbit, making it a suitable choice for this significant mission. The mission's success hinges on the collective expertise and resources of international partners, underscoring a shared commitment to scientific advancement and planetary security.