Nepal is currently experiencing a severe crisis due to continuous heavy rainfall that began on October 3, 2025. This persistent downpour has triggered widespread floods and devastating landslides across the nation.
The Department of Hydrology and Meteorology had issued a special alert on October 2, forecasting a heightened risk of sudden river surges from October 4 to 6. This prediction unfortunately materialized, leading to tragic consequences. As of October 5, the human toll has been significant, with at least 52 fatalities reported, five individuals missing, and 29 injured. The Koshi Province has been disproportionately affected, with the Ilam district bearing the brunt of the disaster, recording 37 deaths solely due to landslides and floods. Villages in this region, bordering India, have been swept away, leaving a trail of destruction.
The intensity of the rainfall has also caused substantial infrastructure damage. Several major highways are obstructed by flooding and landslides, severely hampering rescue and relief operations. The mountainous terrain of Nepal, characterized by steep slopes and dynamic geological conditions, inherently predisposes the region to landslides, especially when combined with heavy monsoon rains. Research indicates that geological features like the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and hydrothermal alteration contribute to the formation of large-scale landslides along highways. The saturated soil from the continuous downpours has increased pore water pressure, exacerbating the risk of slope failures.
Authorities are working tirelessly to conduct rescue and relief operations, but the challenging terrain and ongoing rainfall present significant obstacles. To facilitate these efforts, the government declared public holidays on Sunday and Monday, advising citizens to avoid unnecessary travel. The Prime Minister has assured the public that government agencies are fully prepared to manage the crisis, emphasizing the paramount importance of public safety. This year's events underscore Nepal's recurring vulnerability as a nation situated in a geologically active and mountainous region highly susceptible to monsoon-induced disasters. While the monsoon season is vital for the country's economy and water resources, it consistently brings the threat of destruction, highlighting the need for robust disaster preparedness and continued vigilance.