A comprehensive study published in Nature Communications in September 2025 reveals that many European plant species expanding beyond their native territories also exhibit increased prevalence within their home regions. This suggests a common set of advantageous characteristics are driving their widespread success both domestically and internationally.
The research, which analyzed data from ten European countries, identified that plants thriving in new environments and expanding their reach typically possess traits such as significant height, adaptability as generalists, strong competitive abilities, and a preference for nutrient-rich soils. These attributes appear to be key catalysts for their proliferation. Conversely, plant species in decline within their native ranges are seldom successful in establishing themselves in foreign territories.
This finding is crucial for forecasting which species may pose an invasion risk, thereby aiding in conservation efforts and the protection of native biodiversity. Invasive species often exhibit rapid growth and reproduction, coupled with effective seed dispersal mechanisms and tolerance for a broad spectrum of environmental conditions. Many are also associated with human activities that facilitate their spread.
The study also noted that invasive plants frequently have a narrower native distribution but develop a multicontinental presence due to efficient global dispersal. For instance, taller species may gain a competitive edge by accessing more light, enabling more aggressive spread, aligning with the 'edge of trait space' model. This model posits that non-native plants can coexist with native communities by sharing some traits but invade when they possess slightly different adaptations.
Furthermore, the research highlights the importance of mixed reproductive systems, allowing for both sexual and asexual propagation, which provides flexibility for establishment and spread. Notably, plants from non-native ranges sometimes show similar trait shifts, such as increased size and reproductive capacity, compared to their native counterparts, though the extent to which these changes drive invasiveness is still under exploration. The study also found that invasive species can significantly increase primary productivity in their non-native ranges more than in their native ranges, suggesting they are active drivers of ecosystem change.