Universities have served as centers of knowledge and exchange for centuries. They have played a significant role in human history, shaping numerous eras. In Europe, many historical universities, such as Oxford and Cambridge in England and the University of Bologna in Italy, are well-known. However, the oldest university in continuous operation is located on the African continent.
Founded in the early days of Morocco's oldest imperial city, Al-Karaouine was established in 859 and is recognized as the oldest continuously operating university in the world. Other historical sites, such as the ancient universities of Taxila and Nalanda in India, may date back further, and ancient Sumerian societies began operating scribal schools (Eduba) shortly after 3500 BC. Nevertheless, Al-Karaouine holds the world record for providing uninterrupted education since its inception. It is also the first institution globally to confer academic degrees.
Fatima al-Fihri, born in 800 AD as the daughter of Mohammed Bnou Abdullah al-Fihri in Fez, inherited a substantial sum of money. After acquiring land from a member of the Hawaara tribe, she initiated the construction of a mosque in 859 AD, intended to accommodate the growing number of worshippers.
Initially established as a mosque with an adjoining Quranic school and modest library, Al-Karaouine has evolved into a globally renowned institution offering full-time programs across various disciplines. While early education focused on religious studies, the curriculum later expanded to include linguistics, grammar, law, music, Sufism, medicine, and astronomy. In 1947, Al-Karaouine was integrated into the state education system and officially incorporated into the modern state university system in 1963, following the end of French protectorate rule in Morocco.
Over the centuries, the university has developed into an internationally recognized institution attracting individuals from around the world. Between 2012 and 2016, the entire campus underwent extensive restoration, including the construction of state-of-the-art laboratories for preserving historical manuscripts. With financial support from the Arab Bank of Kuwait for cultural preservation, a small portion of the madrasa was opened to the public in 2016, allowing tourists to view mosaic exhibitions, carvings, and the study and sleeping quarters of students.
Despite centuries of social restrictions on women, more female students have begun studying at the institution founded over 1000 years ago by a woman. Today, the university is accessible to students of all faiths and genders.