Seal lice, ectoparasites on marine mammals, possess remarkable adaptations for underwater survival. Ongoing research in 2025 continues to explore these unique insects, especially the seal louse Echinophthiriidae horridus, and their ability to thrive in marine environments.
Current studies indicate that seal lice utilize various strategies for underwater respiration, including skin respiration and oxygen storage. Their tear-drop-shaped setae minimize drag, similar to shark scales, while exposed spiracle openings facilitate gas exchange. The well-developed taenidia within the trachea prevent collapse under hydrostatic pressure.
These lice likely combine skin respiration, oxygen storage, and air storage in their tracheal system to survive underwater. This multifaceted approach enables adaptation to anoxic waters and high pressure, ensuring survival during seals' deep dives.