Researchers in Germany have made significant strides in understanding catalysts, which are essential for accelerating chemical reactions in various industries, including fuel production and pharmaceuticals. Their findings, published on January 29, 2025, reveal unexpected behaviors in catalysts that could lead to more efficient methods of ammonia production.
Catalysts, which change structure and composition under electrical potential, were studied using advanced techniques such as electrochemical liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (EC-TEM). This allowed the team to observe how cubic Cu2O pre-catalysts behave during the nitrate reduction reaction, a process crucial for converting waste nitrates back into ammonia, a key fertilizer component.
The study found that Cu2O cubes do not quickly transition to their preferred metallic state. Instead, they can remain as a mixture of Cu-metal, Cu-oxide, and Cu-hydroxide for extended periods. The composition of this mixture depends heavily on the applied electrical potential, the surrounding chemical environment, and the reaction duration.
Dr. See Wee Chee, a group leader at the Fritz Haber Institute, noted, "It is unexpected that we obtain different phases during the reaction, especially when assuming a single form of a single-element pre-catalyst. This mixed state can be maintained for a long time, providing valuable insights for designing more efficient catalysts."
Prof. Beatriz Roldán, director of the Interface Science department, emphasized the environmental implications of this research. Traditional ammonia synthesis methods are energy-intensive and rely on fossil fuels. The new approach aims to reduce carbon emissions by utilizing a direct electro-catalytic pathway powered by renewable electricity.
This breakthrough not only enhances our understanding of catalyst dynamics but also paves the way for innovative strategies in ammonia production, potentially transforming agricultural practices and reducing the carbon footprint of fertilizer manufacturing.