Poland unilaterally closed all its border crossings with Belarus on September 12, 2025, a move that has significantly disrupted the crucial China-Europe Railway Express. This decision, driven by national security concerns, suspends all road, rail, and pedestrian traffic between the two nations indefinitely.
The border closure was enacted in response to joint Russian-Belarusian military exercises, codenamed Zapad-2025, and a prior incursion of Russian drones into Polish airspace on September 9, 2025. Polish authorities have stated that the border will only reopen once security conditions are deemed satisfactory, prioritizing national security over trade considerations.
The China-Europe Railway Express is a vital artery for international trade, carrying approximately 90% of the rail freight between China and the European Union. In 2024, this trade route saw a 10.6% year-on-year increase in cargo volumes, with the value of goods transported surging by 85% to approximately €25.07 billion (US$27 billion). The route offers a faster alternative to sea freight, making it indispensable for time-sensitive shipments.
The closure has created substantial logistical challenges, forcing shipping companies to seek alternative routes, which inevitably leads to increased costs and extended delivery schedules. Experts note that even minor delays can incur significant additional costs for shippers. The European Commission has acknowledged the economic impact but has not criticized Poland's decision, recognizing the underlying security context.
In response to the situation, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with Polish Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski on September 15, 2025, to discuss bilateral relations and international issues. However, Poland has maintained its firm stance on the border closure, emphasizing that security concerns are paramount. Analysts warn that a prolonged closure could jeopardize Poland's role as a key transit hub between Europe and Asia.