Thousands of Brazilians are demonstrating nationwide against a controversial legislative proposal dubbed the "Law of Bandits" and a potential amnesty that could benefit supporters of former President Jair Bolsonaro. The protests underscore the country's deep political divisions and ongoing debates about justice and accountability.
The "Law of Bandits," approved by the Chamber of Deputies on September 16, 2025, has drawn criticism from opponents who argue it offers undue protection to criminals and obstructs the judicial process. Concerns have been raised that the law expands immunity for legislators and former presidents, potentially weakening the rule of law and drawing parallels to past instances of political maneuvering to evade accountability.
Adding to the public outcry is a separate proposal for amnesty concerning individuals involved in the January 8, 2023, riots in Brasília. These events, which saw attacks on government buildings, are widely viewed as an affront to democratic institutions. The possibility that this amnesty could extend to former President Jair Bolsonaro, who is currently facing legal challenges, has heightened public apprehension. Bolsonaro has been sentenced to 27 years in prison for his role in a conspiracy to overturn the 2022 election results, which reportedly included plans to dissolve courts and assassinate President-elect Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.
The demonstrations have seen significant public engagement, with prominent figures from Brazil's cultural sector, including musicians Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil, and Chico Buarque, participating. This involvement reflects a historical tradition of Brazilian artists contributing to political discourse and resistance, from challenging the 1964-1985 military dictatorship to protesting contemporary governmental actions.
Perspectives on these issues diverge sharply. Critics and protesters view the "Law of Bandits" as a shield for wrongdoers, while proponents, such as Chamber of Deputies President Hugo Motta, assert it protects against judicial overreach. Minister of Justice Ricardo Lewandowski has voiced concerns about organized crime potentially infiltrating Parliament. President Lula has stated his intention to veto the amnesty law, while describing the "Law of Bandits" as a lesser concern for legislators. Senator Alessandro Vieira plans to advocate for the rejection of the "Law of Bandits" in the Senate, contrasting with Senator Flavio Bolsonaro's call to approve the amnesty and "turn this page of our history."
These developments mark a critical moment for Brazil, highlighting the ongoing tension between legislative power and judicial accountability. The polarization surrounding these proposals reflects the lasting impact of significant political events and the public's demand for justice and the safeguarding of democratic norms. The historical context of amnesty in Brazil, particularly following periods of authoritarian rule and the contentious nature of past amnesties, such as the 1979 Amnesty Law and subsequent Supreme Court rulings concerning human rights violations during the military dictatorship, informs the current debate.