Cuba is currently experiencing a severe energy crisis, marked by frequent and extensive electricity blackouts that are significantly impacting daily life, commerce, and essential services across the island. The nation's power grid has faced multiple critical failures in 2025, with the most recent nationwide blackout occurring on September 10, 2025, at 9:14 AM. This event, caused by a total collapse of the National Electric System (SEN), was the second such occurrence this year and the fifth since late 2024.
Many regions are enduring up to 20 hours of blackouts daily, while Havana faces shorter, though still disruptive, outages of 4-5 hours. These disruptions have led to the postponement of various activities, including sports, work, and educational programs. The crisis stems from a combination of factors, including the obsolescence of thermoelectric power plants, a critical shortage of fuel, and a lack of foreign currency for essential imports and maintenance. Some power plants are over 40 years old and have not received adequate investment or repairs, leading to frequent breakdowns.
A key incident contributing to the September 10th collapse was the automatic shutdown of the Antonio Guiteras thermoelectric plant, one of Cuba's largest power stations. This shutdown was triggered by a false steam signal. The plant has a history of technical malfunctions, exacerbating the national grid's instability. The economic consequences are substantial, with private businesses struggling to operate and relying on expensive, scarce fuel for generators. Essential services like hospitals and water pumps are also affected.
Prime Minister Manuel Marrero has acknowledged the severity of the situation and is working on solutions, including strengthening microsystems and repairing power plants. However, these measures have not yet provided a lasting resolution. The crisis is further complicated by external economic pressures and U.S. sanctions, which Cuban officials claim hinder the import of necessary fuel and equipment. Experts estimate that revitalizing Cuba's energy infrastructure would require an investment of approximately $8 to $10 billion over the next decade.
The recurring blackouts and the broader economic downturn have fueled public discontent and raised concerns about Cuba's long-term energy security. The situation highlights a deep-seated structural crisis within the nation's energy sector, demanding comprehensive solutions that address both infrastructure deficiencies and economic challenges.