Silla Military Commander's Tomb from 4th-5th Century Unearthed in Gyeongju

In a significant archaeological breakthrough, researchers in Gyeongju, South Korea, have unearthed a substantial tomb complex dating back to the late fourth or early fifth century. The individual interred within this ancient burial site is believed to have been a high-ranking military commander of the Silla Kingdom (57 BCE–935 CE). The discovery includes a collection of unique artifacts that offer invaluable insight into the elite culture and elevated status enjoyed by the aristocracy during that historical period.

The structure of the tomb itself is notable, comprising a wooden burial chamber that was subsequently covered by heavy stone slabs and layers of earth. Inside the primary chamber, archaeologists recovered the skeletal remains of the presumed commander, alongside a lengthy sword and fragments belonging to a gilded bronze crown. Furthermore, a secondary chamber contained the remains of an accompanying person, likely a servant or courtier, who was interred with the commander as part of a ritual symbolizing lifelong loyalty.

This practice of burying retainers alongside their master is particularly illuminating. According to Kim Hong-suk of the National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage in Gyeongju, this finding provides crucial new information regarding the custom of companion burial, which was later prohibited in Silla society. The evidence gathered here helps scholars better understand the evolution and development of Silla's funerary traditions.

Among the most striking items recovered is the gilded bronze crown. Experts suggest this may be the oldest known example of a crown found within the territory of Silla. Intriguingly, the ornamental motifs present on the crown bear a strong resemblance to items produced by the neighboring Goguryeo state, underscoring the significant cultural exchange and connections that existed between the kingdoms.

The excavation also yielded a comprehensive set of personal armor and a helmet intended for the commander. Even more rare was the discovery of a full set of armor designed for a horse—this is only the second recorded instance of such equine accoutrements being found in a Silla tomb. Park Jun-hyeon, associated with the Pukyong National University Museum, observed that the armor utilized leather in its lower sections. This design choice would have ensured lighter weight and greater mobility, further confirming the owner's high status as one of the preeminent military leaders of his era.

Additional artifacts recovered include gold earrings, various pieces of pottery, and weaponry, all contributing to a clearer picture of the material culture and burial rites practiced during the early Silla period. Professor Shim Hyeon-cheol, a history expert from Keimyung University, emphasized the importance of this find for tracking the stylistic evolution of Silla grave complexes—specifically, the transition from simpler wooden chamber burials to the more intricate structures featuring stone mounds. The excavation was a joint effort between the Cultural Heritage Service of Korea and the Gyeongju city administration. All recovered artifacts and the site itself are scheduled to be opened for public viewing from October 27 to November 1, 2025, coinciding with the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit.