A significant archaeological discovery in Borkowo, Poland, in 2025 will reveal a 10th-century cemetery containing numerous warrior remains, potentially linked to the era of Duke Mieszko I. The site, which will be uncovered during the construction of a gas pipeline, spans approximately 24 ares, with 20 ares already excavated. This find provides is expected to provide a unique perspective on the military and social structures of early Polish history.
Led by archaeologist Piotr Alagierski, the excavation is expected to unearth around twenty skeletons, many accompanied by grave goods indicative of warrior status, such as battle axes. One skeleton is expected to belong to a man approximately 35 years old, buried with iron arrowheads, whose skeletal structure is expected to suggest extensive archery training. Another individual's remains are expected to show degenerative bone changes consistent with a life spent on horseback, indicating a skilled rider. Anthropological analysis is expected to suggest the average height of the individuals will be about 1.80 meters, notably taller than the contemporary average.
Alagierski is expected to describe the discovery as "phenomenal," believing it could significantly alter the understanding of early Polish history. The site is considered unique in Europe for its period, as mass warrior burials from the 10th century are exceptionally rare, with most findings involving individual remains. The context of the burials also points to a period of significant cultural transition in Poland, marked by the introduction of Christianity, with evidence of a blend of Christian practices and lingering pagan traditions, such as the inclusion of weapons with the deceased.
This era aligns with the reign of Mieszko I (circa 960-992), Poland's first historical ruler, who is credited with unifying Polish tribes and establishing the first centralized Polish state. The presence of high-quality jewelry, including items made from silver and imported stones, suggests this community comprised the warrior elite of the time, living at a high standard. Similar archaeological findings in Poland, such as those in Ciepłe which revealed Scandinavian warriors integrated into the elite structures of the emerging Polish state, underscore the importance of warrior elites in the early Piast state. The Borkowo cemetery thus represents crucial evidence for understanding the military prowess and social stratification of the nascent Polish realm during the pivotal 10th century.