Archaeological research in Southeast Asia and southern China has uncovered some of the oldest known mummies, dating between 4,000 and 12,000 years ago. These discoveries are significantly older than previously known Egyptian mummies (around 4,500 years old) and the Chinchorro mummies of Chile (around 7,000 years old).
Published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the findings show that early hunter-gatherer populations used a slow smoke-drying technique to preserve bodies. Analysis of skeletal remains using X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy revealed evidence of prolonged exposure to heat suitable for this process. The bodies were found in highly contorted positions, indicating a specific method of preservation.
According to the evidence, this practice was applied among early Asian hunter-gatherer communities connected to the first waves of Homo sapiens migration from Africa. Archaeologist Hsiao-Chun Hung notes that the discovery demonstrates a unique combination of techniques, traditions, culture, and belief systems. Similar methods of mummification—including contorted body positions and smoke-drying—are still practiced today by some tribes in Papua New Guinea, such as the Dani and Anga people, suggesting potential cultural links between burial practices in Asia and Oceania.
The oldest specimen, a hand bone with signs of burning found in Vietnam, is dated to approximately 12,000 years ago. According to the evidence, this practice was widespread in the region and maintained significance over a long period. The discovery expands our understanding of prehistoric mortuary practices and the diversity of techniques used by early human populations in Asia, emphasizing that mummification represents one of the oldest known deliberate preservation methods, serving to protect the body and maintain a connection with ancestors.
The method, known as “smoke-drying mummification,” differs from Egyptian embalming and the Chinchorro technique in South America, where resins, chemicals, or organ removal were used. The humid climate of Southeast Asia, where natural drying was difficult, may have fostered the development of this unique technique, which, according to archaeologists, likely had deep spiritual, religious, or cultural significance.