Mountain regions, rich in biodiversity, face rapid transformation due to global change. Rising temperatures and altered land use promote the growth of competitive plants, impacting specialized grassland species.
A study focused on Sideritis, or Greek mountain tea, reveals the effects of this "mountain greening." This herb, valued for its medicinal properties and as an indicator of habitat health, is particularly vulnerable.
Researchers examined Sideritis populations across eleven Greek mountain ranges. They combined satellite data with genetic analyses of herbarium specimens from the 1970s and present-day plant samples.
The results showed a significant decline in genetic diversity in eight regions. In severely affected areas, up to 20% of individual plant genomes showed signs of inbreeding, indicating shrinking populations.
The study links the spread of shrubs and trees in grasslands directly to this decline in genetic diversity. Reduced genetic diversity weakens a species' ability to adapt to environmental stressors.
The innovative approach combined remote sensing with genomic analyses. This allowed researchers to draw conclusions about plant population development over decades.
Satellite images can now identify genetic changes in mountain ecosystems. This method is particularly useful in remote or previously unmonitored areas.
Historical plant specimens in herbaria were crucial for the 50-year comparison. Researchers recommend prioritizing conservation in areas most affected by mountain greening.
Further studies are needed to understand the broader impact of environmental changes on biodiversity's genetic basis. This knowledge is essential for developing effective conservation strategies.